Books about Occasionalism

Book Resources (2020-2025)

​

• Altaie, Basil. Islam and Natural Philosophy: Principles of Daqīq al-Kalām. Beacon Books, 2023.

• ---. The Divine Word and The Grand Design: Interpreting the Qur'an in the Light of Modern Science. Beacon Books, 2019.

• ---. God, Nature, and the Cause: Essays on Islam and Science. Kalam Research and Media, 2016.

• ---. Natural Philosophy of Imam Al-Ghazali. Baytul Hikma, 2025.

• Koperski, Jeffrey. Divine Action, Determinism, and the Laws of Nature. Routledge, 2020.

• Lee, Sang Hyun. The Philosophical Theology of Jonathan Edwards: Expanded Edition. Princeton University Press, 2020. Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/book/79325.

• Malik, Shoaib Ahmed. Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm. Routledge, 2021.

• Muhtaroglu, Nazif. Occasionalism Revisited: New Essays from the Islamic and Western Philosophical Traditions. 2nd ed., Lockwood Press, forthcoming.

• ---. Vesilecilik Birinci Kitap: İslam Düşüncesinden Seçme Metinler [Occasionalism First Book: Selected Texts from Islamic Thought]. Küre Yayınları, 2024.

• ---. Vesilecilik İkinci Kitap: Batı Düşüncesinden Seçme Metinler ve Eleştiriler [Occasionalism Second Book: Selected Texts from Western Thought and Criticisms]. Küre Yayınları, 2024.

• Platt, Andrew R. One True Cause: Causal Powers, Divine Concurrence, and the Seventeenth-Century Revival of Occasionalism. Oxford University Press, 2020.

​

​

​Book Resources (pre-2020)​

​

• Sedad, Ali. Kavâʿidu’t-Tahavvülât fî Harekâti’z-Zerrât (Parçacıkların Hareketlerindeki Dönüşümün İlkeleri, Tr.), (Principles of Transformation in the Motion of Particles, Ing.), Nazif Muhtaroğlu & Bilal Ayan. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi, 2020. 

• Koca, Özgür. Islam, Causality, and Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.

• M. F. Camposampiero, M. Priarolo & Emanuela Scribano. (ed.). Occasionalism: From Metaphysics to Science. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019.

​

​

Islamic Occasionalism

​

• Bulğen, Mehmet. İslam Düşüncesinde Atomculuk Eleştirileri [Critiques of Atomism in the Classical Islamic Thought]. 2.Baskı-[2nd Ed]. Istanbul: Marmara Ün. İlahiyat Fak. Vakfı, 2017.

• Muhtaroglu, Nazif. Occasionalism Revisited: New Essays from the Islamic and Western Philosophical Traditions, Abu Dhabi: Kalam Research and Media, 2017.

• Demir, Osman, Kadir Gömbeyaz, Veysel Kaya ve Murat Kılavuz (eds). Osmanlı’da İlm-i Kelam: Alimler, Eserler, Meseleler. [Kalam among the Ottomans: Scholars, Works, Problems] İstanbul: İsar Vakfı Yayınları, 2017.

• Basil Altaie. God, Nature and the Cause: Essays on Islam and Science. Abu Dhabi: Kalam Research and Media Foundation, 2016.

• Yıldırım, Ömer Ali. Şehristani’nin İbn Sina Eleştirisi. [Shahristani’s Critique of Ibn Sina]. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2016.

• Alpyağıl, Recep. (ed.) Din Felsefesi Açısından Matüridi Gelen-Ek-i. [The Maturidi Tradition from the Perspective of Philosophy of Religion]. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2016.

• Arıcı, Müstakim. Fahreddin Razi Sonrası Metafizik Düşünce: Katibi Örneği. [Metaphysics after Fakhraddin Razi: The Example of Katibi]. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2016.

• Gazali. İtikatta Orta Yol. (Al-Iqtisad). Tr. Osman Demir. 3rd Ed. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2016.

• Khaled El-Rouayheb. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and Maghreb. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

• Bulğen, Mehmet. Kelam Atomculuğu ve Modern Kozmoloji. [Kalam Atomism and Modern Cosmology] Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2015.

• Demir, Osman. Kelamda Nedensellik: İlk Dönem Kelamcılarda Tabiat ve İnsan. [Causality in Kalam: Early Mutakallimun on Nature and Humans] İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2015.

• Kaya, Cüneyt (ed). İslam Düşüncesinde Süreklilik ve Değişim: Seyyid Şerif Cürcani Örneği. [Continuity and Change in Islamic Thought: The Example of Sayyid Sharif al-Jurjani] İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2015.

• Kadı Abdülcebbar. Nedensellik Kitabı [Book of Causality]. Tr. Osman Demir. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2015.

• Seyyid Şerif Cürcani. Mevakıf Şerhi (Şerhu’l-Mevakıf). Tr. Ömer Türker. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2015.

• Kazanç, Fethi Kerim. Kadı Abdülcebbar’da Nedensellik Kuramı [Qadi Abd Al-Jabbar’s Theory of Causality]. Ankara: Araştırma Yayınları, 2014.

• Kadı Beyzavi. Kelam Metafiziği (Tavaliu’l-Envar). tr. İlyas Çelebi ve Mahmut Çınar. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2014.

• Alpyağıl, Recep. (ed.)Din Felsefesi Açısından Mutezile Gelen-Ek-i 2 cilt. [The Mutazila Tradition from the Perspective of Philosophy of Religion, 2 vols.] İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2014.

• Demir, Osman, Ömer Türker (eds).İslam Düşüncesinin Dönüşüm Çağında Fahreddin Razi [Fakhraddin Razi in The Age of the Transformation of the Islamic Thought]. İstanbul: İsam, 2013.

• Türkben, Yaşar (ed). Gazali’de Nedensellik [Al-Ghazali on Causality]. Ankara: Elis Yayınları, 2013.

• Al-Ghazālī. Al-Ghazālī’s Moderation in Belief, Aladdin M. Yaqub (tr.), University of Chicago Press, 2013.

• Koca, Ozgur. Islamic Doctrines of Causality and Modern Science, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013.

• Aydın, Hüseyin. Ebu’l-Hasen El-Eşaride Nazar ve İstidlal [Al-Ash’ari on Reason and Reasoning].Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2012.

• Birgül, Fatih. İbn Rüşd’de Nedensellik [Ibn Rushd on Causality]. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2012.

• Şekerci, Ahmet Erhan. Gazzâlî ve David Hume’da Nedensellik ve Mucize. İstanbul: Fotografika Yayıncılık, 2011.

• Şehristani. Filozoflarla Mücadele (Kitabu’l Musaraa). Tr. Aygün Akyol ve Aytekin Özel. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2010.

• Al-Ashari, Abu Hasan. A Vindication of the Science of Kalam, (Risala fi Istihsan al-Khawd fi ‘Ilm al-Kalam) in The Theology of al-Ash‘ari, ed. Richard J. McCarthy. Beyrouth: Imprimerie Catholique, 1953.

• _______________.Book of Aphorisms, (Kitab al-Luma‘) in The Theology of al-Ash‘ari. ed. Richard J. McCarthy. Beyrouth: Imprimerie Catholique, 1953.

• _______________. Letter to the People of Frontier (Risala ila at-Tagr bi-Bab al-Abwab). published by Kıvameddin Burslan with an introduction, in the Darulfunun Ilahiyat Fakultesi Mecmuasi 7-8 (1928).

• Gimaret, Daniel. La doctrine d’al-Ashʿarī. Paris: Cerf, 1990.

• Al-Baqillani. Kitab al-Tamhid. ed. R. McCarthy. Beirut, 1957.

•                        . al-Insaf. ed.‘Izzat al-Attar al-Husayni. Cairo, 1950.

• Karadaş, Cağfer. Bakillani’ye göre Allah ve Alem Tasavvuru. Bursa: Arasta Yayınları, 2003.

• al-Bayḍāwī, ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar, and Maḥmūd al-Iṣfahānī. Nature, Man and God in Medieval Islam. 2 vols. Translated by Edwin E. Calverley and James W. Pollock. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 2002.

• Al-Ghazali. The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-falasifa), a Parallel English-Arabic Text. ed. and trans. M. E. Marmura. Provo (Utah): Brigham Young University Press, 1997.

•                        . Ihya’ al-Ulum al-Din. 5 vols. Cairo: Lajnat Nashr al-Thaqafa al-Islamiyya, 1957-1959.

• ____________ . al-Iqtisad fi l-i’tiqad, eds. I.A. Cubukcu and H. Atay. Ankara: Nur Matbaası, 1962.

•                        . Kitab al-Arba‘in fi Usul al-Din. ed. Muhammad M. Jabir. Cairo: Maktabat al-Jundi, 1964.

•                        . al-Maqsad al-Asna, ed. F.A. Shehadi. Beyrouth, 1982.

•                        . Iljam al-‘Awamm ‘an ‘Ilm al-Kalam ed. Muhammad al-Mu‘tasim bi-llah al-Baghdadi. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi, 1985.

•                        . Mihakk al-Nazar fi l-Mantiq. ed. Muhammad Badr al-Din al-Na‘sani and Mustafa al-Qabbani. Cairo: al-Matba‘a al-Adabiya, 1925.

•                         . Mi‘yar al-‘Ilm fi Fann al-Mantiq. ed. Muhyi al-Din Sabri al-Kurdi. Cairo: Al-Matba‘a al-‘Arabiyya, 1927.

• Al-Juwayni. al-Shamil fi Usul al-Din, ed. ‘A. al-Nashshar. Alexandria, 1967.

•                         . A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Kitab al-Irshad ila Qawati‘ al-Adilla fi Usul al-I‘tiqad), tr. Paul E. Walker. Reading: Garnet Publishing, 2000.

• Al-Khayyat, Abu al-Husayn. Kitab al-Intisar. ed. A. Nader. Beirut, 1957.

• Al-Maturidi. Kitab al-Tawhid. ed. Bekir Topaloğlu and Muhammed Aruçi. Ankara: İsam Yayınları, 2002.

• Al-Pazdawi. Ehl-i Sünnet Akaidi, tr. into Turkish. Şerafettin Gölcük. İstanbul: Kayihan Yayınları, 1988.

• Al-Shahrastani, Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal. ed. M. Badran. Cairo, 1955.

• Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din. Kitab al-Arba‘in. Hyderabad, 1934.

• Ibn Furak. Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash‘ari, ed. Daniel Gimaret. Beyrouth: Dar el-Machreq Editeurs Sarl, 1987.

• Ibn Humam. Kitab al-Musayara. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1979.

• Nursi, Said. Risale-i Nur Külliyatı. 2 vol.s. İstanbul: Nesil Yayınları, 2001.

•                        . The Reasonings (Münazarat), Hüseyin Akarsu tr. New Jersey: Tughra Books, 2008.

•                       .The Words. (Sözler), Şükran Vahide tr. İstanbul: Sözler Neşriyat, 1992.

•                       .Letters (Mektubat), Şükran Vahide tr. İstanbul: Sözler Neşriyat, 1997.

•                      .The Flashes (Lemalar), Şükran Vahide tr. İstanbul: Sözler Neşriyat, 1995.

• Taftazani, Sadaddin and Sadr al-Shari‘a. Sharh al-Talwih ala Tawdih li Matni al-Tankih fi Usul al-Fiqh, vol. I. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, no date.

• Taftazani, Sadaddin. A Commentary on the Creed of Islam (Sharh al-Aqaid), E. E. Elder tr. NY: Columbia University Press, 1950.

• Aydın, Ömer. Kur’an Işığında Kader ve Özgürlük. İstanbul: Beyan Yayınları, 1998.

• Badeen, Edward. Sunnitische Theologie in osmanischer Zeit. Würzburg, Germany: Ergon, 2008.

• Calverley Edwin E. and James W. Pollock. Nature, Man and God in Medieval Islam. 2 vol.s Leiden: Brill, 2002.

• Ceric, Mustafa. Roots of Synthetic Theology in Islam: A Study of The Theology of Abu Mansur Al-Maturidi. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 1995.

• Dallal, Ahmad. An Islamic Response to Greek Astronomy: Kitab Ta‘dil Hay’at al-Aflak of Sadr al-Shari‘a. Leiden: E.J. BRILL, 1995.

• Dhanani, Alnoor. The Physical Theory of Kalam: Atoms, Space, and Void in Basrian Mu‘tazili Cosmology. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994.

• Davidson, Herbert A. Proofs for Eternity, Creation, and the Existence of God in Medieval Islamic and Jewish Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

• Fakhry, Majid. Islamic Occasionalism and its Critique by Avorres and Aquinas. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1958.

• Frank, Richard. The Metaphysics of Created Being according to Abu l-Hudhayl Al-‘Allaf. Istanbul: Netherlands Historische-Archeologisch Instituut, 1966.

•                        . Creation and the Cosmic System: Al-Ghazâlî & Avicenna, Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1992.

•                        . Al-Ghazali and the Ash’arite School. Durham: Duke University Press,1994.

• Gimaret, Daniel. Théories de l’acte humain en théologie musulmane. Paris: Vrin, 1980.

• Griffel, Frank, Al-Ghazali’s Philosophical Theology: An Introduction to the Study of his Life and Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

• Günaltay, M. Şemsettin. Kelam Atomculuğu ve Kaynağı Sorunu. ed. İrfan Bayın. Ankara: Fecr, 2008.

• Kılavuz, Murat Ulvi. Kelamda Kozmolojik Delil. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2009.

• Ormsby, Eric L. Theodicy in Islamic Thought. The Dispute over al-Ghazali’s “Best of All Possible Worlds.” Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

• Perler, Dominik and Ulrich Rudolph. Occasionalismus: Theorien der Kausalität im Arabisch-Islamischen und im Europäischen Denken, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000.

• Pines, Salomon. Beiträge zur Islamischen Atomenlehre. London: Garland Publishing,1987.

•                       . Studies in Islamic Atomism. trans. Michael Schwarz. ed. Tzvi Langerman. Jaruselam: The Magnes Press, 1997.

• Renan, Ernest. Averroès et l’averroïsme. Essai historique. Paris: Librairie Auguste Durand, 1852.

• Rudolph, Ulrich. Al-Maturidi und Die Sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

• Thiele, Jan. Kausalität in der mu’tazilitischen Kosmologie. Das Kitab al-Mu’aththirat wa-miftah al-mushkilat des Zayditen al-Hasan ar-Rassas. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2011.

●      Wolfson, Harry A. The Philosophy of Kalam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.

​

​

​

Occasionalism in Medieval Philosophy

​

• Augustine, The City of God V.9, VII.30, VIII.16, IX.9, X.12, XI.16, XXI.4,7

• Mourant, John A. “Augustine on Miracles.” Augustinian Studies 4 (1973).

• Moses Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed, I.73

• Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, III.65-71

• Weinberg, Julius. A Short History of Medieval Philosophy, Ch.s XI, XII

​

​

​

Occasionalism in Cartesian Philosophy

​

• Tad M. Schmaltz. Early Modern Cartesianisms: Dutch and French Constructions, Oxford University Press, 2017

• Muhtaroglu, Nazif. Occasionalism Revisited: New Essays from the Islamic and Western Philosophical Traditions, Kalam Research and Media, 2017.

• De Cordemoy, Gerauld.. Oeuvres Philosophiques. ed. Pierre Clair et Francois Girbal. Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1968.

• Ablondi, Fred. Gerauld de Cordemoy: Atomist, Occasionalist, Cartesian, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2005.

• Battail, Jean-Francois. L’Avocat philosophe Gérauld de Cordemoy. The Hague: Mrtinus Nijhoff, 1973.

• Descartes, Rene. Oeuvres de Descartes, 11 vols. ed. Charles Adam and Paul Tannery. Paris, 1897.

•                         . The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Vol: I & II. tr.s John Cottingham and Robert Stoothoff and Dugald Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

•                          . The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Vol: III. tr.s John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, Dugald Murdoch and Anthony Kenny. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

• Garber, Daniel. Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1992.

• Menn, Stephen. Descartes and Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

• Schmaltz, Tad M. Descartes on Causation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

• Louis de La Forge. Traite de L’sprit de L’homme. Ceneve: Marc Michel Bousquet & Comp. 1725.

•                          . Treatise on the Human Mind. tr. Desmond M. Clarke. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

• Malebranche, Nicolas. Ouvres Completes de Malebranche. 20 vols. ed. A. Robinet. Paris: Vrin, 1958-1978.

•                          . Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion. trans. N. Jolley and D. Scott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

•                       .The Search after Truth. trans. T. M. Lennon and P. J. Olscamp. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

•                       .Treatise on Nature and Grace. P. Riley, trans. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1992.

• Church, Ralph W. A Study in the Philosophy of Malebranche. London: Kennikat Press, 1970.

• Nadler, Steven. Cambridge Companion to Malebranche. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

• Peppers-Bates, Susan. Nicolas Malebranche: Freedom in an Occasionalist World. London: Continuum, 2009.

• Pyle, Andrew. Malebranche. London: Routledge, 2003.

• Radner, Daise. Malebranche: A Study of a Cartesian System. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum Assen, 1978.

• Rome, Beatrice. The Philosophy of Malebranche. Henry Regnery Company: Chicago,1963.

• Watson, Richard and Marjorie, Grene. Malebranche’s First and Last Critics. Journal of the History of Philosophy Monograph Series, 1995.

• Balz, A. G. A. Cartesian Studies. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951.

• Loeb, Louis E. From Descartes to Hume. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981.

• Nadler, Steven. Occasionalism: Causation Among the Cartesians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

• Watson, Richard. The Breakdown of Cartesian Metaphysics. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1998.

• Alain de Lattre. L ‘occasionalisme d’Arnold Geulincx, Éditions de Minuit, 1967.

• Specht, Rainer. Commercium mentis et corporis, Uber Kausalvorstellungen im Cartesianismus. Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1966.

• Prost, Joseph. Essai sur L’Atomisme et L’Occasionalisme dans la philosophie Cartésienne. Paris: J. Vrin, 1907.

​

​

Occasionalism in Modern Philosophy

​

• Lim, Daniel. God and Mental Causation. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015.

• Jolley, Nicholas. Causality and Mind: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2014.

• Ott, Walter. Causation and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

• McCracken, C.J. Malebranche and British Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.

• Guéroult, Martial. Études sur Descartes, Spinoza, Malebranche, et Leibniz. Hildesheim: Olms, 1970.

• Robinet, André. Malebranche et Leibniz. Paris: Vrin, 1955.

• Stieler, Georg. Leibniz und Malebranche und das Theodiceeproblem. Darmstadt: Otto Reichl, 1930.

​

​

​

​